% ls -l (l for long listing!)
You will see that you now get lots of details about the contents of your directory, similar to the example below. -rwxrw-r-- 1 ee51ab beng95 2450 Sept29 11:52 file1
In the left-hand column is a 10 symbol string consisting of the symbols d, r, w, x, -, and, occasionally, s or S. If d is present, it will be at the left hand end of the string, and indicates a directory: otherwise - will be the starting symbol of the string. The 9 remaining symbols indicate the permissions, or access rights, and are taken as three groups of 3.
- The left group of 3 gives the file permissions for the user that owns the file (or directory) (ee51ab in the above example);
- the middle group gives the permissions for the group of people to whom the file (or directory) belongs (eebeng95 in the above example);
- the rightmost group gives the permissions for all others.
Access rights on files.
- r (or -), indicates read permission (or otherwise), that is, the presence or absence of permission to read and copy the file
- w (or -), indicates write permission (or otherwise), that is, the permission (or otherwise) to change a file
- x (or -), indicates execution permission (or otherwise), that is, the permission to execute a file, where appropriate
Access rights on directories.
- r allows users to list files in the directory;
- w means that users may delete files from the directory or move files into it;
- x means the right to access files in the directory. This implies that you may read files in the directory provided you have read permission on the individual files.
Some examples
-rwxrwxrwx | a file that everyone can read, write and execute (and delete). |
-rw------- | a file that only the owner can read and write - no-one else can read or write and no-one has execution rights (e.g. your mailbox file). |
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